International Arbitration

The Government of Ghana has formally notified the Government of Togo of its decision to initiate international arbitration under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in order to resolve their dispute over maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea. In a statement released on 20 February 2026, the Government indicated: “This follows attempts at negotiating a boundary which have gone on for eight years but have not resulted in an agreed outcome”.

Guinea occupies a structurally significant position in the global minerals economy as the world’s largest holder of bauxite reserves and second leading producer of the ore, which is indispensable for aluminium production and increasingly recognised as strategically important to global industrial supply chains. This update examines Guinea’s intensifying resource nationalism in the global bauxite sector, focusing on the revocation of mining licences, the resulting high-value international arbitration claims, and the government’s planned legal defence. It situates these developments within broader African debates on bauxite’s strategic importance, mineral governance, and efforts to reclaim sovereign control and value from critical raw materials.

An International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) tribunal dismissed Sundance’s arbitration claim against the Republic of Congo (Congo Brazzaville), the Australian-headquartered mining company confirmed in a statement released on 27 January 2026. According to the statement, the tribunal, which operated under the ICC Arbitration Rules 2021, issued its final decision following a hearing held in Paris in November 2024 and subsequent post-hearing submissions. The tribunal determined that “Congo had a legitimate basis for revocation of Sundance subsidiary Congo Iron’s exploitation permit due to non-development of the project in the period 2016-2018 and, consequently, all claims by Sundance and Congo Iron have been dismissed.”

Justice Robin Knowles’ decision in the Nigeria v. P&ID case has received, rightly so, its fair share of international attention from arbitrators, scholars, legal practitioners and commentators alike. The decision has had a seismic effect, if not drawing significant attention, on the international arbitration landscape, for two reasons. Firstly, while the subject award is not the first to be set aside on account of fraud and/or breach of public policy of the seat of arbitration, such decisions are rare and far in between. One would have to go back years, if not decades, to find an award set aside on these grounds. Secondly, the decision has significantly redefined arbitration as we understand it, shaking it to the core, reigniting discussions on its viability and suitability, particularly in matters regarding investor-state disputes.

“You want to tell us you don’t want to sow, you want to reap” asked the Nigerian appointed arbitrator, Chief Bayo OJO, during oral argument in the arbitration proceedings, to which Nigerian counsel, Chief Ayorinde, responded: “You cannot reap where you do not sow. That is a very Nigerian saying.” (Nigeria v. Process & Industrial Development, para. 360). The Chair of the Tribunal, Lord Hoffmann, then intervened with his own cultural reference and said: “There is a passage in I think it is Shakespeare’s Henry VI where one of the rebels says: ‘Isn’t it terrible that people should be able to get into such trouble just by signing a document? Let’s kill all the lawyers.’” (Nigeria v. Process & Industrial Development, para. 360). Perhaps, underneath all the arbitral extravagance and incalculable network of disturbing corruption lurks a least appreciated cultural milieu worth $11 billion dollars.

Established national laws and a reliable judicial system are two features considered crucial by investors when seeking potential investment destinations. Investors often prioritize these factors to guarantee a profitable and risk-free investment. This also holds true for arbitration, as the 2015 Queen Mary International Arbitration Survey Respondents confirmed that the established formal legal infrastructure: the neutrality and impartiality of the legal system, the national arbitration law, and its track record for enforcing agreements to arbitrate and arbitral awards; plays a vital role in the selection of an arbitral seat. For more than thirty years, the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1988 Chapter A.18, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004 (ACA) was Nigeria’s primary legislation governing arbitration. However, new legislation was required to address the complexities and evolving needs of arbitration in the country and align Nigeria’s arbitration practices with international standards. On 26th May 2023, the Arbitration and Mediation Act 2023 (AMA) was signed into law by the President of Nigeria, signifying a significant milestone for arbitration and mediation proceedings in Nigeria. This blog reviews the AMA by focusing on the innovative developments and their importance to the attractiveness of arbitration in Nigeria. Some praiseworthy innovations in the AMA include new provisions on (a) mediation and enforcement of international settlement agreements; (b) recognition and enforcement of interim measures issued by arbitral tribunals, (c) award review tribunal, (d) consolidation of arbitrations and joinder of parties, and (e) third-party funding. Other provisions relate to emergency arbitration, the limitation period for enforcement of an award, and the definition of an arbitration agreement.

The News and Events category publishes the latest News and Events relating to International Economic Law relating to Africa and the Global South. Every week, Afronomicslaw.org receive the News and Events in their e-mail accounts. The News and Events published every week include conferences, major developments in the field of International Economic Law in Africa at the national, sub-regional and regional levels, as well as relevant case law. News and Events with a Global South focus are also often included.

The News and Events category publishes the latest News and Events relating to International Economic Law relating to Africa and the Global South. Every week, Afronomicslaw.org receive the News and Events in their e-mail accounts. The News and Events published every week include conferences, major developments in the field of International Economic Law in Africa at the national, sub-regional and regional levels, as well as relevant case law. News and Events with a Global South focus are also often included.

The News and Events published every week include conferences, major developments in the field of International Economic Law in Africa at the national, sub-regional and regional levels as well as relevant case law.